Complex and mysterious, corrosion is as dear to boaters’ hearts as their credit card balances are. In past marine corrosion articles, I’ve delivered straight science.
This time, I’m taking a colloquial approach. Here goes.
Corrosion is like the uninvited guest who always shows up hungry. At some point, you forget about serving this goat a meal and dish out snacks and junk food to keep him away from the roast beef. With corrosion, you feed the unwelcome guest excess electrons instead of Twinkies. These electrons come ready to eat, “packaged” in the form of what are called sacrificial anodes. Corrosion eats the anode (the Twinkie) instead of your sterndrive, prop shaft or raw water through-hull (the good stuff) because anodic metals dish out electrons as freely as Grandma dishes out Thanksgiving dinner. Know that with each electron consumed, a minute bit of the anode’s metal is consumed instead of a bit of your boat or drive’s metal, hence the sacrificial moniker.
Now, most boaters refer to sacrificial anodes as “zincs,” because zinc has been used for a long time. But there are other “zincs” made of aluminum, magnesium and various alloys with various trade names. In many cases non-zinc anodes outperform actual zinc anodes, depending upon the type of metal you need to protect and the nature of the water in which the metal being protected is immersed. It all has to do with the voltage of the anode when referenced against a standard. The standard is an electrode made of silver/silver chloride. That just means they are relative: The higher the anode’s voltage, the more freely it gives up electrons and the more able it is to feed corrosion. We are talking about negative voltage here, so wrap your mind around the concept of “more negative voltage.”
Pros of Zinc Anodes
Zinc anodes are typically best for boats used in salt water because they are the most reactive to seawater’s electrolytes. Zinc is a less stable metal than the stainless-steel and aluminum components of an outboard, so if a circuit is created due to saltwater immersion, zinc will be the first to shed electrons, or corrode, thus sacrificing itself to protect the motor.
Cons of Zinc Anodes
Zinc is not effective in fresh water, and its use has raised environmental concerns because it leaches cadmium into the water as it corrodes.
Price of Zinc Anodes
$42; westmarine.com
At a glance, you might conclude that, since magnesium has the highest negative voltage, that’s the anode to use to protect any metal, on any boat. But it’s not.
Anodes create electrical current by setting up a difference in electrical potential. More is better in the sense that it’s the equivalent of a tastier dish that your guest, corrosion, will devour readily. But suppose you run out of snacks?
Pros of Magnesium Anodes
If you boat in fresh water, you’ll definitely want to choose magnesium anodes over zinc because they work better in fresh water’s lower-conductivity environment. While aluminum anodes work well too, magnesium is the best choice for fresh water.
Cons of Magnesium Anodes
Magnesium anodes are super reactive in salt water and will quickly deteriorate, leaving your outdrive or lower unit exposed to galvanic corrosion once the magnesium has given up the ghost. Be mindful if you take your freshwater boat into salt.
Price of Magnesium Anodes
$55; westmarine.com
Magnesium has a low current capacity. Like a bowl of nuts, it’s quickly eaten. Zinc and aluminum are akin to a plate piled high with home cooking. The meal lasts longer. So, though magnesium offers more protective electrons faster, it protects for only about one-third the time of zinc, and just one-fifth the time of aluminum. In a hypothetical situation where zinc would last 150 days, magnesium would last but 50 days, while an aluminum anode would have corrosion lined up at the chow line for 225 days.
Additionally, the high rate of electrons served up by magnesium can create too much current — i.e., “overprotect” — when used to protect a metal that itself is already very active, like aluminum, especially one used in waters that are more conductive of electricity. This means salt water and polluted fresh water. In fact, if you take a freshwater boat protected by magnesium anodes to the coast and put it in a slip for a week, you’ll have a catastrophe on your hands.
Pros of Aluminum Anodes
Aluminum anodes have been touted because they work in fresh and salt water. They are typically lighter than zinc anodes and do not release cadmium into the water as they corrode. Aluminum anodes also tend to cost less than zinc anodes and last longer. They are not pure aluminum but made of an alloy designed for use as a sacrificial anode.
Cons of Aluminum Anodes
The quality of aluminum anodes can vary based on the alloy used to make them. Seek out the highest-quality aluminum anodes.
Price of Aluminum Anodes
$32; westmarine.com
So, how do you choose which anode type to use on your boat? Cost helps answer the question. Magnesium is more expensive than zinc, and zinc is more expensive than aluminum. Additionally, comparing zinc and aluminum, besides their carrying capacities, which bear on your length of season, zinc forms an insulating oxide film over itself, especially in fresh water, that stops it from working. In fact, if you have an anode that seems never to have worn away, it’s probably oxidized and not doing its job! By mixing iridium and other metals with aluminum, alloys are created that don’t form aluminum oxide.
See the chart (above) showing general guidelines for choosing an anode type based on the metal needing protection and its location.
There are other considerations. For example, if your boat is connected to shore power, and thus connected to all the other boats at the dock, you may choose “weaker” zinc over aluminum to minimize the electrical activity. But if your boat has a galvanic isolator, or you’re not plugged in, the more active anode might be a better choice.
Confused? Here’s the takeaway.
The principles presented should have raised your anode awareness. They give you the basis to raise the right questions. Seek out a mechanic with ABYC “Marine Electrical” or “Marine Corrosion” certification and have the conversation. Don’t just buy an anode kit because it has your engine’s brand on it.
