In 2025, significant changes to personal flotation device (PFD) regulations have been
implemented across North America, creating a harmonized approach between the United States and Canada. These updates represent the culmination of years of collaborative work between regulatory bodies, industry leaders, and safety experts to create more intuitive, user-friendly standards that encourage consistent PFD usage while maintaining or improving safety standards.
The new regulatory framework moves away from the traditional “Type” classifications toward a performance-based “Level” system that focuses on buoyancy measurements and specific usage scenarios.
Historical Context and Previous Standards
For decades, the United States and Canada maintained separate classification systems for personal flotation devices. In the U.S., the Coast Guard categorized PFDs by “Type” designations (such as Type I, II, III, IV, and V), while Canada distinguished between PFDs and life jackets based on different criteria. These classifications primarily addressed in-water performance characteristics, with some devices designed to turn an unconscious person face-up (life jackets), while others would keep a person afloat but not necessarily position them properly (PFDs).
These differing standards created confusion for manufacturers, retailers, and consumers, particularly for those who boated in both U.S. and Canadian waters. Recognizing this challenge, industry leaders, the U.S. Coast Guard, and Transport Canada began working in the mid-2000s to develop common standards for designing, building, and certifying PFDs across North America.
Key Changes in PFD Regulations (2025 Updates) – Removal of “Type” Approvals
As of 2025, the U.S. Coast Guard no longer issues new “Type” classifications for PFDs entering the market. While existing approvals that reference “Type” designations remain valid for legal carriage requirements (what must be carried on a boat to meet regulations), all new devices are now approved under the Level classification system.
This change streamlines the approval process and eliminates outdated terminology that many users found confusing. It’s important to note that boaters can continue to use their existing Type-classified PFDs as long as they remain in serviceable condition, with functional straps, zippers, and buckles, and no rips or tears in the fabric.
Introduction of “Level” Classifications
The cornerstone of the new regulations is the adoption of “Level” classifications based on buoyancy measurements in Newtons (N). The three primary levels now approved in the U.S. are:
Level 50 (50N): Designed for competent swimmers in sheltered waters where help is nearby. These must be worn to meet carriage requirements and are marked accordingly.
Level 70 (70N): General-purpose PFDs with increased buoyancy for nearshore activities, providing more versatility for various boating scenarios.
Level 100 (100N): Designed for offshore and coastal use, providing enhanced buoyancy and, in some cases, airway protection for commercial applications.
These levels reflect not only the minimum buoyancy requirements but also address the intended usage environment and expected rescue times. For example, Level 50 devices focus on mobility and comfort for swimmers, while Level 100 offers greater support for tougher conditions and commercial applications.
As Gordon Colby, Mustang Survival’s Certification Manager, explains: “The move to Level classifications represents a significant shift in the way PFDs and life jackets are certified and used, and it’s critical that boaters understand what these changes mean for them.”
Harmonization With ANSI/CAN/UL Standards
The new regulatory framework incorporates American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, specifically ANSI/CAN/UL 12402-5 for Level 50 and Level 70 PFDs and ANSI/CAN/UL 12402-4 for Level 100 PFDs. These bi-national standards create a unified approach between the U.S. and Canada, allowing manufacturers to produce devices that meet requirements in both countries with a single approval process.
The U.S. Coast Guard officially incorporated these standards through a final rule that went into effect on January 6, 2025, with implementation beginning June 4, 2025. After this date, manufacturers can seek Coast Guard approval for Level 50, 70, and 100 devices that comply with the appropriate standards.
Impact of New Regulations on Boaters
These regulatory changes have several important implications for recreational and commercial boaters:
- Performance-Based Selection: Rather than relying on Type designations, boaters must
now select PFDs based on their specific activities, water conditions, and personal needs. The Level system provides clearer guidance on which devices are appropriate for various scenarios. - Worn vs. Carried Requirements: Some devices, particularly Level 50 PFDs, must be
worn to meet legal carriage requirements, rather than simply being available on the
vessel. These devices are clearly marked with this stipulation. - Pictorial Markings: The new standards emphasize pictorial graphics over text-heavy
labels, making critical information more accessible to users regardless of language
proficiency. Research indicates that people consistently prefer and better understand
pictorial markings. - Variability Within Levels: It’s crucial to understand that the Level classifications establish minimum performance standards. The actual buoyancy can vary significantly within each level. For example, Mustang Survival’s Elite 190 Inflatable PFD is approved as Level 70 but provides 190N of buoyancy, far exceeding the minimum requirement.
Role of Manufacturers and Retailers
Under the new framework, manufacturers and retailers play an expanded role in educating consumers about the appropriate selection and use of PFDs. The standards are less prescriptive regarding design requirements, allowing for more innovative, comfortable, and user-friendly devices that may encourage greater compliance with wearing recommendations.
Mustang Survival exemplifies this approach with their Elite 190 Inflatable PFD that exceeds the performance requirements of Level 70 while remaining within that classification. As Colby notes, “Our new Elite 190 Inflatable PFD provides 188N (42 lbs) of buoyancy and performance without sacrificing mobility and wearability—key factors in ensuring PFDs are actually worn when they’re needed most.”
This innovation opportunity could lead to slimmer, lighter, and more comfortable PFDs that boaters are more likely to wear consistently. Given that 86% of drowning victims in recreational boating accidents were not wearing a lifejacket, improvements in wearability could have significant safety implications.
Consumer Guidance and Education
When selecting a PFD under the new regulations, consumers should consider:
- Activity Type: Different activities (kayaking, sailing, fishing, etc.) have varying requirements for mobility and flotation.
- Water Conditions: Choose higher buoyancy levels for rougher waters, offshore conditions, or situations where rescue might be delayed.
- Personal Swimming Ability: Level 50 devices are specifically not recommended for weak or non-swimmers and should be selected accordingly.
- Proper Fit: Try the PFD on in water to ensure proper fit and performance, as recommended on required placards.
- Safety Features: Consider whether additional features like airway protection are necessary for your boating environment.
The new system requires more consumer education but ultimately allows for more personalized selection based on individual needs and circumstances.
Read Next: Four Top Inflatable PFDs Tested
Conclusion and Resources
The 2025 PFD regulatory changes represent a significant modernization of water safety
standards in North America. By focusing on harmonization, performance-based classifications, and improved user understanding, these updates aim to enhance safety while encouraging greater PFD usage through more comfortable and innovative designs.
While the transition may require some adjustment, the long-term benefits include clearer standards, better-informed consumers, and potentially higher rates of PFD usage—ultimately contributing to fewer drownings and safer experiences on the water.
For more information on the new PFD regulations and guidance on selecting appropriate devices, boaters can visit mustangsurvival.com or contact the U.S. Coast Guard for official publications and resources.
